•  PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip technology
  • PIC micro chips are designed with a Harvard architecture
  • PIC devices are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists due to their low cost, wide availability, availability of low cost or free development tools, serial programming.


Harvard Architecture




Features of PIC

  • Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture)
  • RISC Architecture, One accumulator (W – working register)
  • Instruction set consists of just 35 instructions (as opposed to 111 instructions for 8051)
  • Power on reset and brown out reset (means when the power supply goes below a specified voltage it resets the PIC, hence malfunction is avoided)
  • Programmable timers & on chip ADC
  • Up to 12 independent interrupt sources
  • I/O port expansion capability
  • All RAM locations function as registers
  • There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers
  • Free assembler & simulator support from microchip at www.microchip.com 
  • PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources:-Low power, Mid range, High range, RC oscillator
  • A watch dog timer reset the processor if the program execution fails to follow the normal sequence


PIC MC Families

  1.   Low End PIC Architecture

  • It has an instruction set of 33 instructions each one being 12 bit long
  • Program memory can be up to 2048 words with each word also having 12 bits
  • Data memory consists of 8 bit registers organized in banks of up to 32 registers.
  • These PICs do not allow interrupts.
  • Its families are: 16X5xx, 12X5xx, 10Fxxx

     2. Mid Range PIC Architecture

  • It has an instruction set of 35 instructions each one being 14 bit long
  • Program memory can be up to 8192 words with each word also having 14 bits
  • Data memory consists of 8 bit registers organized in banks of up to 120 registers.
  • These PICs allows interrupts.
  • Its families are: 16C6X, 16C7X, 16F87X

     3.  High End Microcontrollers:

  • It has an instruction set of 58 instructions each one being 16 bit long
  • Program memory can be up to 65536 words with each word also having 16 bits
  • Data memory consists of 8 bit registers organized in banks of upto 1024 registers.
  • These PICs allows interrupts.
  • Its families are: PIC 17 and PIC 18


ARDUINO UNO






Pin Description

  1. Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer.
  2. Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack .
  3. Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board
  4. Crystal Oscillator: Provides speed to the arduino
  5. 5,17. Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5). 
  6. Supply 3.3 output volt 5V
  7.  Supply 5 output volt, most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt. 
  8.  (Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit. 
  9.  Vin: This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source, like AC mains power supply.
  10. Analog pins: The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
  11.  Main microcontroller: Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company.
  12. ICSP pin: Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus
  13. Power LED indicator: This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly.
  14. TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
  15. Digital I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
  16.  AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
Software
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is required to program the Arduino Uno board.





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